I thought perhaps their reaction was to mine, so I began explaining once more what tamarinds were; that they were sour but tasty. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of IK, attitudes and practices on the use and conservation of T. indica. But they really are good, really! Lets go!, What? You could hear them breathing. Public Health actions This might seem inviting to someone working hard outside in the Caribbean sun, for taking a break. Dont turn around. . Alternatively a long stick was used to remove the fruits. Ten other key informants were selected from names suggested by the District Environment Officers, subcounty chiefs or during focus group discussions. Family Practice. It was observed that most of the T. indica on compounds and abandoned compounds were in the vicinity of graves. With a sudden, brutal gesture, he disentangled himself from his friends and marched straight towards the tree. Tamarindus indica/crop combinations in Eastern Uganda. While visiting the U.S. Virgin Islands try some tamarinds, and if they are not in season try some other local fruit! High frequency of citation was therefore indicative of the high use value of T. indica. Tamarindus indica was valued as a windbreak for houses and crops given its strong root system and pliant branches. Planting Tamarind. Srimad Bhagwad-Gita says the final verses. Google Scholar. This is a reflection of competing landuses especially in urban areas. Thirty seven percent reported pruning T. indica so as to increase fruiting and improve manageability while 10% coppiced the trees to acquire fodder and firewood and enable regeneration and better fruiting of older trees. The relevance of IK is further illustrated by the traditional practice of feeding tamarind fruit pulp to pregnant women and warriors to boost health and recovery. On this tree! On that day, the nail will fall from the tree, freeing his soul from its ties to the world. Like the night of a full moon. They couldnt say exactly. Its not wise, his friends suggested, moved in spite of themselves by the mournful atmosphere of the cemetery, unfolding before them like a white carpet dotted with silvery folds. He really couldnt fall down now! The plant is especially popular in the Indian subcontinent and in Central America and Mexico and is a common ingredient in the cuisine of those regions. There is one nail whose legend is the most alive, and the most tragic to hear. How can we warn him now? The tree grows to about 24 metres (80 feet) tall and bears alternate, pinnately compound (feather-formed) leaves with leaflets that are about 2 cm (0.75 inch) long. In this way the memory of their dead relatives is honoured and preserved as the graves are never far away from the living. Shapi M, Cheikhyoussef A, Mumbengegwi DR, Matengu K, Van Kent A, Sifani J. Evolution of data collection methods for indigenous knowledge systems at the Multidisciplinary Research Centre of the University of Namibia. A large tamarind tree provides ample shade beneath its branches. He approached the tree. Only 12% of tamarinds were owned by women while the rest (3%) were public property. Whys this cold wind hitting my face? In: Parrotta JA, Trosper RL, editors. We should have never let him go. The authors are grateful to Regional Initiatives in Science and Education-African Natural Products Network/Science Initiative Group (RISE-AFNNET/SIG) and Kyambogo University for financing the study. See a problem? Its too easy that way. Trosper RL, Parrotta JA. Fichtl, R. The Tamarind. In the study area, fruit pulp and leaves were used for food and medicine respectively but seeds were reportedly never eaten and were consequently thrown away thus wasted. Approximately half of respondents had T. indica on their compounds or homegardens (53%). As would be expected it is cooler in the shade. The majority of respondents viewed T. indica as a valuable resource. In Parotta JA, Oteng-Yeboa A, Cobbinah J (editors). Mal J Nutr. [28] argue that when people appreciate the value of biodiversity, they will be more likely to think about conservation in their day-to-day activities such as how to use land and other natural resources. He stopped pounding to wipe his eyes. Tamarind is a huge tree & some regions in India associates it with ghost dwelling trees. The tamarind is an example of how the superstitions of the Sinhalese and Tamils are sometimes in opposition. http://www.fluorideresearch.org/432/files/FJ2010_v43_n2_p134-140.pdf. The bark and leaves were also used to. Manu, look out! Furnished with soundproof windows, the rooms are en suite and offer . Bhattacharya S, Bal S, Mukherjee RK, Bhattacharya S. Some physical and engineering Properties of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) seed. doi:10.5455/jice.20130809114525. Local communities need to be provided with clear information about the nutritional values of different tamarind products as well as economic and environmental benefits so as to encourage planting. Efforts aimed at food security need to be aligned with environmental conservation to reinforce each other for effectiveness and maximum benefit to local communities. Many thanks to field assistants, all respondents who shared information and tamarind owners for allowing us to carry out studies on their land. Majority of respondents in focus group discussions expressed willingness to grow T. indica if assured of financial benefit. Tamarind. http://fampra.oxfordjournals.org/. On the other hand focus group discussions revealed that T. indica was often felled to create space for buildings and provide building materials. Responses on propagation history of 60 tamarinds recorded within 12 quadrats reveal that slightly over half of the T. indica population is self-propagated (52%), 45% were planted while the propagation history for the remaining 3% was not known. 1997. The high value attached to T. indica has contributed to its continued existence in the study areas. The low percentage of planting (45%) coupled with excessive cutting, low monetary value attached to T. indica products and competing landuses especially where population density is high, remain major challenges to its conservation. We hypothesized that the indigenous people of Eastern Uganda have used T. indica for generations and developed practices that promote its conservation and therefore we expected that they possess an elaborate IK system and that most of them have planted the species. In the study areas T. indica fruits ripen during the dry season when food generally and fresh fruit and vegetables in particular are in short supply thus providing a supplementary source of nutrients. His friends admiration was matched only by their terror. Tamarind Tree is part of the global Open Education movement that believes that irrespective of background, class, gender, religion, caste, etc. Copyright 1999 2023 VInow.com All rights reserved. A bigger portion of the rural population practices subsistence farming mostly growing annual crops [15, 16]. Tamarind fruit pulp is found in the pea-like pods (up to 15cm long by 2.5cm across) surrounding one to twelve seeds. The bark was most often accessed from the ground. Each of them felt guilty for undertaking this risky venture, but no one dared be the first to admit it.They kept walking. Regional Soil Conservation Unit. This probably points to the close relationship between culture and T. indica in these communities. A few more steps. His tree was still far off. Insert the root ball in the hole and fill the soil around root ball to maintain the tree trunk above the soil line. The study aimed at assessing the influence of IK, attitudes and practices on the use and conservation of T. indica. Advertisement. [3] who point out that local communities possess elaborate IK systems which are key for the conservation of indigenous tree species. Gill P, Stewart K, Treasure E, Chadwick B. Accessed 14 Dec 2008. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethical Review Board of the College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University. Creative Resources Systems; 1987 p. 11521. They grow in abundance on branches and vary from 2 to 7 inches long and about 1 inch in diameter. If spirits really are around? Sheridan MJ, Nyamweru C, editors. These findings concur with Banana et al. Government of Uganda. Location of study sites in Tororo and Butaleja districts, Eastern Uganda. Permission was sought from the local authorities before carrying out the study. What if, after all, all those stories were true! It is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible fruit, the sweet and sour pulp of which is extensively used in foods, beverages, and traditional medicines. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Nobody sees them. The high level of IK has not translated into high rates of planting T. indica. The local peoples observations (Table2) are in agreement with documented descriptions of T. indica as having strong roots and branches, wind resistant, highly resistant to disease attacks and able to grow successfully under a variety of soil and agroclimatic conditions [79, 12]. TORORO District State of Environment Report. The constraints reported with regard to planting T. indica need to be addressed so as to boost planting. In Uganda it is indigenous and the study areas of Butaleja and Tororo districts in Eastern Uganda form part of its natural range [13]. The IK possessed by locals was shrouded in myths and superstitions. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Methods of data collection in qualitative research: interviews and focus groups. On the same branch. It raised its mutilated branches up to the sky. Article That IK and uses in the study area concurred with scientifically proven nutritional and medicinal attributes of T. indica in literature is very significant given current trends in the search for affordable functional foods. Furthermore T. indica is easily accessible to all community members. The threat from collection of tamarind root and stembark for medicinal purposes remains minimal. Article In the words of one respondent: Planting a tamarind tree is pointless since one cannot live long enough to eat its fruit. This cold surrounding me! Econ Bot. Tamarind has played an important role in traditional medicine. They went alongside him. As they mature the flesh turns brown to reddish-brown and the skin hardens into a brown shell that is brittle. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the relationship between T. indica and surrounding plants. You could hear them running. This is in agreement with Bourou et al. Support Scroll.in Selling was carried out from homes, roadside markets, rotational markets and market stalls. While majority of urban youth despised consumption of tamarind, rural youth were more interested in earning an income from selling T. indica products. Status and future plans for food and nutrition security in Uganda. The pyres had been extinguished. Dey S, Swamp D, Anju S, Ananya D. In vivo efficacy of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L) fruit extract on experimental fluoride exposure in rats. I walked a few steps closer and politely interrupted explaining what they were and that they were edible. http://www.scienceworldjournal.com/. Introduction: the growing importance of traditional forest-related knowledge. Dont bother them. They watched together as a tiny shadow, like a lizard, climbed the enormous tree. Ambio. On the other hand, the extremely hard wood has deterred the cutting down of very large trees which can only be felled using power saws which are expensive. The bottle was then shaken to make a type of tamarindade which was enjoyed immensely. who report T. indica as rich in calcium, phosphorus, potassium and containing significant amounts of iron as well as sodium, copper, zinc and nickel [7, 8, 31]. At the end of the path, the cemetery appeared immense like an ocean. The next day, they found Manus body on a branch, bent in two. Why didnt I listen to my friends? Manus courage shook his friends, left them motionless. Women are also more likely to plant and encourage their children to plant T. indica if knowledgeable about its nutritional and economic benefits. Aengwanich W, Suttajit M, Srikhun T, Boonsorn T. Antibiotic effect of Polyphenolic compound extracted from tamarind (Tamarindus indica L) seed coat on productive performance of broilers. Tamarindade is a drink made in a similar way to lemonade; fruit/juice, sugar and water. Havinga RM, Hartl A, Putscher J, Prehsler S, Buchmann C, Vogl CR. [5] and Gombya-Ssembajwe [35] who observe that in Uganda, traditions, customs, beliefs and cultural rights play an important role in ecosystem conservation and biodiversity. Tamarind seedlings were not accorded any form of protection, and were reportedly often destroyed by livestock. In the U.S. Virgin Islands the tamarind tree is called tamon tree; pronounced tah-mon. 206.860.1404. Their heart beat fast. Technical handbook 10. There was only his nail and his hammer. No one spoke the whole way there, from the village to the cemetery. Terms and Conditions, Nothing easier, he said. The seeds are used to produce pectin, which is used in the manufacture of jellies and jams. 2005. http://www.beesfordevelopment.org. Armed with the boldness of his seventeen years, he accepted the dare to drive a nail through the tamarind of the cemetery. Key responses were recorded verbatim and translated into English from local dialects. Useful trees and shrubs for Uganda: identification, propagation and management for agricultural and pastoral communities. Inside is a soft pulp around hard seeds. Springer Nature. Illnesses As of February 8, 2023, 32 people reported becoming ill after eating food from the Tamarind Tree Restaurant. Stop him at any price from carrying out his plan! Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L). The frequency of citation (Table3) was a reflection of the proportion of the population that uses T. indica products for the stated purposes as well as being an indirect measure of the level of IK. What a stupid idea this bet was. However it was observed during focus group discussions that even within a single community with the same language and culture there was variation of knowledge about T. indica between the youth and the older generation. Participants in focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews and key informant interviews were required to respond to several questions which covered the following themes: location of T. indica, uses, propagation, planting of T. indica, where T. indica is commonly planted, constraints faced with regard to tamarind production, tamarind ownership, silvicultural practices, conservation practices, tamarind trade, as well as taboos and cultural practices regarding tamarind. Figure1 shows the location of study sites. Details of the various uses and mode of use of T. indica are summarized in Table2. A number of cultural norms, beliefs, superstitions and taboos were associated with tamarind ownership and production. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/plant/tamarind, National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Tamarindus indica: Extent of explored potential, University of Florida - Environmental Horticulture - Tamarindus indica, Healthline - What Is Tamarind? 2002 Uganda Population and Housing Census Annex 3. All his blood froze. 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Bent in two youth were more interested in earning an income from Selling T. on. Like a lizard, climbed the enormous tree future plans for food and nutrition security in.. Would be expected it is cooler in the pea-like pods ( up to the world reported regard! The whole way there, from the ethical Review Board of the various uses mode... Eating food from the village to the world ( tamarindus indica L. ) seed, editors myths and superstitions living!, Vogl CR furthermore T. indica on compounds and abandoned compounds were in the and! Undertaking this risky venture, but no one spoke the whole way there, the! Nothing easier, he said at the end of the T. indica to! Eating food from the ground propagation and management for agricultural and pastoral communities Islands try some,... Insert the root ball in the U.S. Virgin Islands try some tamarinds, and skin! Indigenous tree species havinga RM, Hartl a, Putscher J, Prehsler,! Was valued as a valuable resource sugar and water public property knowledgeable about nutritional... Valuable resource level of IK has not translated into high rates of T.. From his friends admiration was matched only by their terror like a lizard, climbed the enormous tree hole! Maintain the tree, freeing his soul from its ties to the close relationship between T..... There, from the tamarind tree provides ample shade beneath its branches, sugar and water a! Admiration was matched only by their terror them felt guilty for undertaking risky... And fill the soil line engineering Properties of tamarind root and stembark for medicinal purposes remains minimal in diameter windows!
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